深化科技管理体制改革******
作者：沈家文（中国国际经济交流中心研究员）
习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出：“深化科技体制改革，深化科技评价改革，加大多元化科技投入，加强知识产权法治保障，形成支持全面创新的基础制度。”去年底召开的中央经济工作会议提出：“科技政策要聚焦自立自强。要有力统筹教育、科技、人才工作。布局实施一批国家重大科技项目，完善新型举国体制，发挥好政府在关键核心技术攻关中的组织作用，突出企业科技创新主体地位。”当前，世界新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，国际科技竞争复杂激烈。我们站在新的更高发展起点上，深入学习宣传贯彻党的二十大精神，贯彻落实中央经济工作会议精神，完成艰巨的科技创新任务，尤其需要在体制机制上为科技创新提供坚强保障。构建更加有利于科技创新的体制机制和创新生态，亟待深化科技管理体制改革。
《中共中央国务院关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见》提出：“全面完善科技创新制度和组织体系”“健全符合科研规律的科技管理体制和政策体系”。深化科技管理体制改革，是推动经济高质量发展、提高政府治理效能的内在要求，是实现科技自立自强、提升我国发展独立性自主性安全性的关键举措，有助于提升科技创新体系化能力、完善国家创新体系，有助于开辟发展新领域新赛道、形成国际竞争新优势。深化科技管理体制改革，要在以下3个方面着力。
建立健全更加适应国际科技竞争和应对风险挑战的科技管理体制机制。习近平总书记指出：“只有把核心技术掌握在自己手中，才能真正掌握竞争和发展的主动权，才能从根本上保障国家经济安全、国防安全和其他安全。”我们要适应有效应对新挑战、建设世界科技强国的需要，健全符合科研规律的科技管理体制和政策体系，从体制上增强科技创新和应急应变能力，改变一些关键核心技术受制于人的局面。
加快把集中力量办大事的制度优势转化为创新发展新动能。发挥新型举国体制优势，坚持问题导向，聚焦重大科研、勇于战略创新，建立快速响应的数字化管理体制和高效能科技创新统筹协调机制，强化科技创新政策的整体协同和有效衔接，把我国超大规模市场优势与国家重大战略需求紧密结合起来，加强跨区域、跨部门、跨学科整合创新资源，提高科研投入产出效率，催生更多新技术新产业，提升国家创新体系整体效能。
构建更加符合科技创新发展规律的现代化科技管理方式，促进我国科技创新实现质的飞跃。完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，协同推进技术创新、制度创新、管理创新，形成创新合力。把转变政府职能作为科技管理体制改革的重要任务，优化科研组织架构，形成更加适应科技进步和技术创新的管理方式，充分激发创新活力和潜能。加强产学研融合和开放式创新，引导企业加大前瞻性和应用性基础研究投入，加速科研成果产业化，促进创新供给与发展需求高效对接。
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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